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Context

The agricultural sector is strategic for Quebec society due to its leading role in the nourishment and health of Quebec’s population, its contribution to the economic development of the different regions of Quebec, and its role in the protection and enhancement of territorial resources.

Agricultural activities are concentrated mainly in southern Quebec, which is suitable for agriculture due to its climate and fertile soils. The relatively cool and humid climatic conditions in the agricultural areas are conducive to the cultivation of forage and small grain crops (wheat, barley), which cover about 65% of cultivated land.  Dairy production, which was developed based on these crops, remains the most important agricultural industry in Quebec. Crops that require more heat, such as corn and soybeans, tend to be concentrated mostly in the southwest part of the province.

Climate, along with soil type and quality, are major factors for agricultural activities. The sector is already quickly evolving in response to social and economic changes, and climate change adds to the dynamic environment of the sector.

Some of the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector can already be anticipated. First of all, a longer growing season, along with a higher number of degree days, will be favourable to the agricultural potential of a number of crops. However, other climate change impacts could mean that this potential will not be reached. Among other things, the availability of water could deteriorate, and there could be more pressure from crop pests. Some environmental risks, such as soil erosion, could also be increased. Climate change impacts on agricultural production beyond Quebec are also likely to have significant impacts on agricultural production within the province because they will cause changes in world markets.

Quebec agriculture has some considerable advantages for coping with climate change, due to its humid northern location and well structured agricultural institutions. However, in order to promote climate change adaptation alongside sustainable development in the agricultural sector, it is imperative that new information about the changing climate and its impacts be included in the decision-making process of stakeholders.

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